Volcano Risk

Nomadino volcano-risk index on a 0-100 risk-point scale. Lower is better. The raw value combines Holocene volcano count, recent and current eruption activity, exposed population near volcanoes, eruption severity, ThinkHazard volcano hazard levels, documented high-risk volcanic arcs and bounded coping-capacity context. Score equals 100 minus raw value.
1 Albania0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Angola0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Austria0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Bahamas0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Bahrain0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Bangladesh0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Barbados0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Belarus0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Belgium0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Belize0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Benin0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Bermuda0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Bhutan0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Bosnia and Herzegovina0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Botswana0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Brazil0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Brunei0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Bulgaria0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Burkina Faso0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Cayman Islands0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Central African Republic0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Cook Islands0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Croatia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Cuba0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Cyprus0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Czech Republic0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Denmark0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Dominican Republic0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Egypt0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Estonia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Finland0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 French Guiana0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Gabon0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Gambia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Ghana0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Guinea0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Guinea-Bissau0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Guyana0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Haiti0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Hungary0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Ireland0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Ivory Coast0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Jamaica0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Kazakhstan0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Kiribati0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Kuwait0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Kyrgyzstan0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Latvia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Lesotho0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Liberia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Liechtenstein0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Lithuania0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Luxembourg0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Maldives0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Malta0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Marshall Islands0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Mauritania0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Mauritius0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Micronesia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Moldova0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Montenegro0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Morocco0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Mozambique0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Namibia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Nauru0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Nepal0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Netherlands0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 North Macedonia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Oman0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Palau0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Palestine0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Paraguay0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Poland0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Qatar0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Romania0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Saint Pierre and Miquelon0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 San Marino0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Senegal0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Serbia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Seychelles0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Sierra Leone0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Singapore0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Slovakia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Slovenia0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Sri Lanka0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Suriname0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Swaziland0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Sweden0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Switzerland0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Tajikistan0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Thailand0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Togo0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Trinidad and Tobago0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Turkmenistan0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Turks and Caicos Islands0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Tuvalu0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Ukraine0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 United Arab Emirates0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 United Kingdom0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Uruguay0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Uzbekistan0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Venezuela0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Western Sahara0 risk points 0 risk points 100
1 Zimbabwe0 risk points 0 risk points 100
105 Andorra2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Burundi2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Cambodia2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Faroe Islands2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Gibraltar2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Hong Kong2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Iraq2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Kosovo2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Laos2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Libya2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Macau2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Mali2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 Monaco2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 São Tomé and Príncipe2 risk points 2 risk points 98
105 South Sudan2 risk points 2 risk points 98
120 Malaysia3 risk points 3 risk points 97
121 Aruba4 risk points 4 risk points 96
121 Curacao4 risk points 4 risk points 96
123 Afghanistan5 risk points 5 risk points 95
123 Somalia5 risk points 5 risk points 95
123 Timor-Leste5 risk points 5 risk points 95
123 Tunisia5 risk points 5 risk points 95
127 Pakistan6 risk points 6 risk points 94
128 Anguilla8 risk points 8 risk points 92
128 Chad8 risk points 8 risk points 92
128 Greenland8 risk points 8 risk points 92
128 Niger8 risk points 8 risk points 92
128 U.S. Virgin Islands8 risk points 8 risk points 92
133 Algeria9 risk points 9 risk points 91
133 Iran9 risk points 9 risk points 91
133 Jordan9 risk points 9 risk points 91
133 Mongolia9 risk points 9 risk points 91
133 Syria9 risk points 9 risk points 91
138 Antigua and Barbuda10 risk points 10 risk points 90
138 Azerbaijan10 risk points 10 risk points 90
138 British Virgin Islands10 risk points 10 risk points 90
138 Congo10 risk points 10 risk points 90
138 Israel10 risk points 10 risk points 90
138 Madagascar10 risk points 10 risk points 90
138 Nigeria10 risk points 10 risk points 90
145 Germany11 risk points 11 risk points 89
145 Lebanon11 risk points 11 risk points 89
145 Myanmar11 risk points 11 risk points 89
148 France12 risk points 12 risk points 88
148 Niue12 risk points 12 risk points 88
148 Rwanda12 risk points 12 risk points 88
148 Zanzibar12 risk points 12 risk points 88
152 Puerto Rico13 risk points 13 risk points 87
152 South Africa13 risk points 13 risk points 87
154 Guam14 risk points 14 risk points 86
154 Norway14 risk points 14 risk points 86
154 Saint-Martin14 risk points 14 risk points 86
154 Sint Maarten14 risk points 14 risk points 86
154 Uganda14 risk points 14 risk points 86
159 Georgia15 risk points 15 risk points 85
159 Malawi15 risk points 15 risk points 85
159 Vietnam15 risk points 15 risk points 85
159 Zambia15 risk points 15 risk points 85
163 Honduras17 risk points 17 risk points 83
164 New Caledonia18 risk points 18 risk points 82
165 Fiji22 risk points 22 risk points 78
166 Armenia23 risk points 23 risk points 77
167 India24 risk points 24 risk points 76
168 Samoa26 risk points 26 risk points 74
169 Panama29 risk points 29 risk points 71
170 Chinese Taipei30 risk points 30 risk points 70
171 Korea DPR31 risk points 31 risk points 69
171 Tahiti31 risk points 31 risk points 69
173 Sudan32 risk points 32 risk points 68
173 Wallis and Futuna32 risk points 32 risk points 68
175 Bolivia33 risk points 33 risk points 67
175 Equatorial Guinea33 risk points 33 risk points 67
175 Korea Republic33 risk points 33 risk points 67
175 Saint Lucia33 risk points 33 risk points 67
179 Spain34 risk points 34 risk points 66
180 American Samoa35 risk points 35 risk points 65
180 Eritrea35 risk points 35 risk points 65
182 Canada36 risk points 36 risk points 64
182 Grenada36 risk points 36 risk points 64
182 Saudi Arabia36 risk points 36 risk points 64
185 Australia37 risk points 37 risk points 63
185 Djibouti37 risk points 37 risk points 63
185 Turkey37 risk points 37 risk points 63
188 Greece39 risk points 39 risk points 61
188 Saint Kitts and Nevis39 risk points 39 risk points 61
190 Cameroon40 risk points 40 risk points 60
191 China41 risk points 41 risk points 59
191 Yemen41 risk points 41 risk points 59
193 Congo DR43 risk points 43 risk points 57
193 Portugal43 risk points 43 risk points 57
195 Kenya45 risk points 45 risk points 55
196 Cape Verde48 risk points 48 risk points 52
197 Tanzania49 risk points 49 risk points 51
198 Mayotte50 risk points 50 risk points 50
199 Argentina51 risk points 51 risk points 49
200 Northern Mariana Islands52 risk points 52 risk points 48
201 Martinique58 risk points 58 risk points 42
201 Peru58 risk points 58 risk points 42
203 Ethiopia60 risk points 60 risk points 40
203 Guadeloupe60 risk points 60 risk points 40
205 Colombia62 risk points 62 risk points 38
205 Comoros62 risk points 62 risk points 38
207 Mexico64 risk points 64 risk points 36
207 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines64 risk points 64 risk points 36
209 Solomon Islands66 risk points 66 risk points 34
210 El Salvador67 risk points 67 risk points 33
211 Costa Rica68 risk points 68 risk points 32
211 Dominica68 risk points 68 risk points 32
211 Guatemala68 risk points 68 risk points 32
214 Italy72 risk points 72 risk points 28
214 Réunion72 risk points 72 risk points 28
216 New Zealand74 risk points 74 risk points 26
216 United States74 risk points 74 risk points 26
218 Nicaragua75 risk points 75 risk points 25
219 Chile78 risk points 78 risk points 22
219 Montserrat78 risk points 78 risk points 22
219 Russia78 risk points 78 risk points 22
219 Tonga78 risk points 78 risk points 22
223 Ecuador80 risk points 80 risk points 20
224 Iceland82 risk points 82 risk points 18
224 Vanuatu82 risk points 82 risk points 18
226 Philippines84 risk points 84 risk points 16
227 Papua New Guinea86 risk points 86 risk points 14
228 Japan89 risk points 89 risk points 11
229 Indonesia90 risk points 90 risk points 10

Last rating: June 14th, 2026

How the Raw Value Is Calculated

The raw value is Nomadino volcano risk in risk points from 0 to 100. 0 means no relevant structural volcanic hazard, while 100 means extreme exposure from active volcanoes, exposed population, frequent eruptions and limited coping capacity.

The calculation combines seven components: 20% count and density of Holocene volcanoes, 25% recent and ongoing eruption activity, 23% population near volcanoes, 10% eruption severity, 14% ThinkHazard volcano hazard level, 5% documented volcanic-arc and island context, and 3% bounded administration and resilience context.

The main anchor is the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program. The model uses the Holocene volcano list, the map layer with population within 5, 10, 30 and 100 km, and the Holocene eruption list with start years and Volcanic Explosivity Index values. Population buffers are harmonised as exposure signals, not as exact unique affected-person counts.

Current and recent eruptions weigh much more strongly than very old Holocene evidence. An old volcanic-field record without historical activity therefore produces only a low raw value; an active island or subduction arc remains visibly high.

ThinkHazard acts as a second hazard check. A missing or coarse ThinkHazard value does not decide the result alone. Countries without a GVP volcano and without reliable volcanic context receive no risk surcharge; no-data cases are not read as hidden high risk.

Overseas volcanoes are assigned to separately listed territories where possible, including Reunion, Mayotte, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, American Samoa, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. This prevents France, the United States, the United Kingdom or the Netherlands from being distorted by distant territories.

Minimum values apply to clearly documented high-risk settings such as Indonesia, Japan, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Vanuatu, Iceland, Ecuador, Tonga, Chile, Italy, New Zealand, Montserrat, Reunion and active volcanic arcs in Central America and the Caribbean. Ceilings prevent large countries with regionally limited volcanism from being rated like small volcanic islands across the whole country.

Small or dependent territories without complete source coverage use explicit Nomadino replacement values derived from administering state, island or volcanic-arc position, local GVP guidance, population proximity and plausible comparator countries.

The score is derived directly from the raw value: score = 100 minus raw value. A lower raw value therefore improves the ranking.